Tuesday, July 7, 2009

Project Management Assignment

(WBS)

(S-Curve)

(Pert CPM)

(Gantt Chart)











Work Breakdown Structure
- (WBS) A division of a project into tasks and subtasks. The tasks are numbered to indicate their relationship to each other. WBSs are indispensable for project planning, particularly when estimating time and resource requirements. Some industries use established work breakdown structure systems for billing and reporting purposes.


Gantt chart is a graphical representation of the duration of tasks against the progression of time. A Gantt chart is a useful tool for planning and scheduling projects. A Gantt chart is helpful when monitoring a project's progress.


S-Curve A type of curve which shows the growth of a variable in terms of another variable, often expressed as units of time. For example, an S-curve of the growth of company sales for a new product would show a rapid, exponential increase in sales for a period time, followed by a tapering or leveling off. The tapering occurs when the population of new customers declines. At this point growth is slow or negligible, and is sustained by existing customers who continue to buy the product.


Pert (CPM)

Complex projects require a series of activities, some of which must be performed sequentially and others that can be performed in parallel with other activities. This collection of series and parallel tasks can be modeled as a network.

In 1957 the Critical Path Method (CPM) was developed as a network model for project management. CPM is a deterministic method that uses a fixed time estimate for each activity. While CPM is easy to understand and use, it does not consider the time variations that can have a great impact on the completion time of a complex project.

The Program Evaluation and Review Technique (PERT) is a network model that allows for randomness in activity completion times. PERT was developed in the late 1950's for the U.S. Navy's Polaris project having thousands of contractors. It has the potential to reduce both the time and cost required to complete a project.


Thursday, May 28, 2009

Information about Glutathione

Glutathione is actually a tri-peptide made up the amino acids gamma-glutamic acid, cysteine, and glycine and is also known as gamma-glutamylcysteinylglycine or GSH. It is as such not an amino acid, but because of its close relationship to amino acids, is dealt with here. It is found in the largest concentrations in the liver.

Glutathione is required for

It is a powerful antioxidant and detoxifies the harmful compounds in the liver, where it is then excreted through the bile.

The liver also excretes glutathione directly into the bloodstream where it is used to help maintain the integrity of red blood cells, as well as protecting white blood cells.

Glutathione is also found in the lungs and intestinal tract where it assists in carbohydrate metabolism as well as breaking down oxidized fats.

It is also used to prevent oxidative stress in most cells and helps to trap free radicals that can damage DNA and RNA. GSH also plays major roles in drug metabolism, calcium metabolism, the gamma-glutamyl cycle, blood platelet and membrane functions.


Glutathione has been shown to slow down the aging process, detoxify and improve liver function, strengthen the immune system, and reduce the chances of developing cancer. Glutathione also works to help improve mental functions, increase energy, improve concentration, permit increased exercise, and improve heart and lung function - just to name a few.

Glutathione is produced within the body, which means glutathione supplementation simply will not increase the body's levels of this powerful antioxidant. Purchasing glutathione supplements is worthless due to the digestive process which breaks down the glutathione BEFORE it can be absorbed into the body's system.

There is NO effect on blood levels of this vital super antioxidant when taking glutathione supplements. However, if your body can be stimulated to naturally increase the level of glutathione production, a natural increase in energy levels and well being will be the immediate result. Also the body will naturally detoxify itself whilst strengthening the immune system.

Supplements Containing Glutathione Alone Will NOT Increase The Body’s GSH Levels. It's pointless to purchase supplements that merely contain glutathione, because the digestive system breaks down ingested glutathione and the ingested glutathione simply will not be absorbed into your system. On the other hand, if the body is provided with the proper nutrients needed to promote the body's own ability to manufacture and utilise glutathione, then blood levels of this vital antioxidant can be increased markedly. Glutathione manufactured within the body, also aids in liver support by destroying environmental poisons thereby helping the liver to function as the main production site and storehouse for glutathione.

Wednesday, October 15, 2008

G36 Assault rifle


History

Heckler & Koch started designing the G36 in 1990, when the Bundeswehr asked them to develop a new weapon system to replace the 1950s vintage 7.62 × 51 mm G3 rifle. Two earlier HK replacements were both rejected in the 1980s, the revolutionary G11 and the more conventional G41.

For their new HK50 (or Project 50), the company borrowed features from a variety of older designs and added a few novel innovations guided by experience with the previous HK 36, VP70, and G11. The firing system is most similar to the Armalite AR-18, utilizing a gas-operated short-stroke piston and rotating Johnson/Stoner bolt. Where the AR-18 used a conventional piston and dual guide rods, the G36 utilizes a piston with gas rings similar to the M16 and only a single guide rod.

The kinetic energy component of the U.S. Objective Individual Combat Weapon program was developed by H&K in the late 1990s, using the G36 as basis. Like many other U.S. Army programs, the OICW was reworked in favor of developing the rifle and grenade launcher separately. The kinetic energy component was reborn as the XM8 rifle, which was eventually cancelled (as of 2005). The XM8 rifle program still exists at H&K and will likely continue to compete for American contracts as they come up for bid, now with competition from the recently adopted FN SCAR.

Design

The rifle fires the NATO standard 5.56 × 45 mm round at a rate of approximately 750 round/min. Other modes include semi-automatic, bursts of two or three rounds (depending on the model) and fully automatic. The firing mechanism is gas-operated with a rotating bolt. The rifle uses a short-stroke gas system, keeping the receiver relatively clean. The rifle is able to fire tens of thousands of rounds without cleaning. This is in contrast with the direct impingement system of the M16, which requires more frequent cleaning to cycle reliably. The bolt carrier hangs from the recoil spring guide rod and is restricted in side-to-side movement by steel plates embedded in the receiver. The rifle can be fitted with the AG36 40 mm grenade launcher and an AK-74 bayonet (many of which are left over in Germany from stocks of the former East German army).

The full-size rifle is slightly under a meter long with a 480 mm barrel and weighs 3.4 kg (7.6 lb) empty. It is equipped with a folding skeleton stock that allows the gun to be fired when the stock is folded. Most of the rifle's receiver is constructed of carbon fiber–reinforced polymer. It was the first production rifle to use such material for the receiver. The weapon can be stripped and re-assembled without tools through a system of cross-pins similar to that used on earlier HK designs. The distinctive translucent plastic magazine holds 30 rounds, weighs 400 g, and is fitted with studs to allow magazines to be clipped together easily. A 100-round drum magazine can also be fitted. The layout of the controls is ambidextrous and user friendly. Spent casings eject to the right and a brass deflector keeps cases from striking left-handed operators in the face.

Sights

The Bundeswehr version has a unique dual sighting system with two optics on top of each other. The lower optical sight is a standard 3.0x magnification. The upper sight is a red-dot reflex sight with 1x magnification, to be used with both eyes open. The red dot sight relies on ambient light at day and battery power in zero light environment, since tritium, which is often used to illuminate weapon sights, is restricted in Germany (Third-party tritium sights are available.) The sighting "bridge" also functions as a carrying handle. There are rudimentary open sights molded on top of the handle, but these can only be used with the red dot sight absent, as in the G36E model.

Design Criticisms

  • The forearm could overheat in early versions, making the weapon uncomfortable to hold; this problem was corrected with a heat shield in newer models.
  • The integral sights of the export version are claimed to shift when the weapon is knocked heavily against the ground.

Variants

The weapon is manufactured in three main variants, G36, G36K (kurz: short) and G36C (compact/commando). A fourth variant was the SL8 designed strictly to cater to the US civilian market. While mechanically almost identical to the G36, it lacked automatic fire capability. The weapon was altered to comply with U.S. gun restriction laws. The magazine well features an indent that makes it impossible to load a high capacity 30-round magazine into the weapon. A thumbhole stock replaced the pistol grip and folding buttstock. Finally, the carrying handle/sight unit was replaced with a simple optics rail equipped with an open sight. A fifth version is the LMG36 which is the standard weapon equipped with a heavier barrel, bipod, and 100-round drum magazine. All versions except for the SL8 and the LMG are in service with the Bundeswehr.

The Mexican Army Designed the FX-05 Xiuhcoatl which is based on the G36.






MP7 SMG







Every once in awhile, as the editor of Defense Review, I have the rare and somewhat distinct pleasure of handling and firing a firearm that is not only brand spanking new, but actually manages to knock my socks off. Please keep in mind that I did not expect Heckler & Koch’s newest wondergun, the MP7 PDW(Personal Defense Weapon), to have such a profound affect on me. To be honest, I’ve had a few preformed ideas about the 4.6x30mm round it fires, and they haven’t exactly been positive. This is the result of two things: conversations with fairly knowledgeable people in the firearms community, and late results with the performance of the 5.56x45mm round in Afghanistan.

Truth is, most knowledgeable people that I’ve spoken with have talked rather condescendingly about PDW's in general, and the ammunition they fire, in particular. This applies to both the HK MP7 and its proprietary 4.6x30mm ball round, and FN’s P90 and their proprietary 5.7x28mm AP round. I mean, let’s face it--the fact that it’s been taking multiple 5.56x45mm M855 rounds to put some of these Al Queda guys down recently has not helped to change their views. Understand that the 5.56x45mm M855 round is a 62 grain round with a muzzle velocity between 2450 and 3100 fps, depending on barrel length. HK’s 4.6x30mm PDW round is a 26.2 grain round at 2400 fps. Of course, the HK MP7 has a much different mission profile than the M16/M4, but it’s primary purpose is still to save one’s behind when the you-know-what has really hit the proverbial fan. However, all that said and understood—man, I liked this gun! I’ll get back to this in a minute.

First, it’s important to understand the purpose of the "Personal Defense Weapon" category of small arms, and by extension, the HK MP7. PDW’s are designed to give rear-line/auxilliary combat troops and specialized units a select-fire weapon that can still lay down an impressive amount of suppressive fire, while being significantly lighter, more portable, and more concealable than an infantry rifle/carbine. Its ammunition must also be able to defeat modern battlefield body armor, which is one of its primary mandates. For instance, the HK MP7 PDW’s 4.6x30mm round was designed to be able to defeat CRISAT body armor and Kevlar Helmets out to 200 meters. After CRISAT penetration, the 4.6mm ball round will penetrate 10-12 inches of tissue. Once it defeats the armor, the round will yaw inside the target, thus creating a larger wound channel.

You get all this in a pretty lightweight package--3.8 lbs with a 20-round loaded magazine. The MP7 has a really neat design to it, too. Mark White, of Sound Technology, commented(after shooting it himself) that it reminds him of those old Transformer figures. Things fold out, snap open, and retract in Transformer-like fashion, and the weapon is just pretty neat in general. Specifically, the MP7 has a folding vertical foregrip, a nicely integrated telescoping buttstock, and pistol sights that turn into flip-up rifle sights. The pistol sights are co-witnessed with the Hensoldt red dot sight(provided on the test prototype we fired). When you want to use the rifle sights, you just flip them up and “un-ass”(short for “unassemble”) the Hensoldt. As if this isn’t enough, all the operating controls are really well laid out. Heckler and Koch must have really done their homework with regard to the human engineering aspects of the MP7. Oh, and did I mention that the MP7 looks really cool? Well, it does.

Assuming you really couldn’t care less how the MP7 looks, let’s get down to the nitty-gritty. How did the MP7 shoot? It shot great. I can honestly say it’s one of the most enjoyable experiences I've had with a firearm in a long time. Recoil was negligible. During the demonstration, Fred Yates held the MP7 out in front of him like a pistol, one handed, fired it, and the gun’s muzzle hardly moved. Once he shouldered it, it didn't seem to move at all(This can be seen in the video). When I shot the MP7 on semi-auto, from the shoulder, the light recoil actually took me a little by surprise at first, a pleasant surprise, if you will. On full-auto, the gun just stayed right on target the whole time, even during multiple-shot strings at 900 rounds-per-minute. Felt recoil impulse was roughly half that of a 9mm subgun. In fact, everyone we spoke to who shot it came away extremely impressed with it. A number of these people were seasoned SWAT operators. O.k., on to features, ergonomics, and handling qualities--let's go down the list: The MP7 shouldered very quickly. Magazine insertion was instinctive(Uzi-style), and the bolt release positioned right above the trigger area, was ambidextrous--so that control was both quick and easy to operate. The safety/selector switch was also ambidextrous and easy to manipulate with either the thumb or index finger. The magazine release, also ambidextrous, was positioned just right and operated P7/USP style--push-down, instead of push-in. The bolt retracting handle on the MP7 is AR-15/M16 style, so it was also ambidextrous, fast to manipulate, and familiar. Not that this is really important, but the gun even sounded great. The MP7 has a really nice firing report to it. You know you’re firing something interesting when you pull that trigger. I also liked how all the operational controls felt and sounded, as I manipulated them--for instance, how the magazine clicked into place positively and the bolt sounded clacking home when I chambered the first round(you can hear these sounds on the video we’ve provided with this article). Why do I mention these kinds of things? Well, they could all end up contributing to user confidence in the weapon, when it's finally made available. Of course, what would lead to the most user confidence is if the 4.6x30mm round can actually get the job done putting the bad guys down . If this turns out not to be the case, we would indeed be talking about a false sense of confidence. The ambidextrous and ergonomic control layout will definitely contribute to speed of deployment of the weapon. DefRev did not experience any malfunctions while firing the MP7, nor did we witness any problems of any sort while a number of others put the MP7 through its paces. A high round-count testing session, under adverse conditions, would of course be necessary to assess the MP7's true reliability.

In case you’re wondering how accurate the gun is, I have no idea. We were shooting at blank white targets at a distance of, I believe, 40-50 yards, a range format that was chosen for us, not by us. According to HK’s MP7 PDW brochure, however, “with it’s 7-inch barrel, the HK MP7 is capable of firing 10-shot semi-automatic groups at 45 meters of less than 2”.

So, what’s the verdict? Assuming the 4.6x30mm round can actually get the job done, I have to say I think Heckler and Koch has a real winner on their hands with this one. I really do. I see particular utility for it not only for vehicle crews and non-front-line troops, but also in the areas of dignitary protection and low-key Special Operations missions in urban areas, when protective agents or SpecOps personnel must be able to conceal a firearm(smaller than a subcarbine) that can be used to penetrate vehicle doors and body armor at distances outside a handgun's effective engagement envelope, under a jacket or vest. Of course, for dignitary protection, the weapon has to be capable of stopping a man close-in, quickly, with as few shots as possible. This is the nagging question that will remain with me until the 4.6x30mm round proves itself in combat. If the 4.6mm can't do this, the executive protection role is definitely out, and I frankly wouldn't want to see SpecOps personnel carrying it either. Theoretically, assuming the 4.6x30mm round is effective against human targets at close range, with an MP7, an operator or protective agent has a compact, controllable little select-fire, body armor-piercing package that he/she can use to effectively engage multiple attackers out to 200 meters (200 meters is the maximum operational envelope for the MP7, according to HK) . Frankly, what’s not to like about that? The HK MP7 can be slung, carried, and concealed easily under a jacket or photographer’s vest(or, even better, Royal Robbins' 5.11 Tactical Vest), or carried into combat, as a secondary weapon, in a thigh holster.

Now, will the 4.6x30mm round itself prove to be effective enough in a real CQB environment? Again, I honestly don’t know. If I said "yes" at this point, I'd simply be guessing. The round just isn’t battle-proven yet. I can tell you this though--I sure as hell wouldn’t want to get shot with it. Also, a lot of research apparently went into the development of this round, and H&K isn't exactly new at this game. If pressed, I would have to guess that the 4.6x30mm round will get the job done for its intended purpose. Let's hope. Price of admission will be around $1100 per, about the same price as a G36C, when the MP7 is made available. Unfortunately, if you're not law enforcement or military, you will not be able to purchase one. This is a shame, because the MP7 is a neat piece, and would make a nice plinking and travel gun.

By the way, the magazine we had on hand for the test shoot was a 25-rounder, which must be fairly new, since the catalogue lists the magazines at 20 and 40 rounds, respectively. 25 rounds, at 900 rpm, goes really quickly, so I would have preferred the 40 rounder, which I would recommend under most circumstances. I did like the Hensoldt red dot sight that co-witnesses with the pistol sights (although you can also use an Aimpoint, EOTech, OKO, DOCTERsight, or any other red dot/holographic gunsight you wish). The Hensoldt's red dot was very fast to acquire and the sight itself was lightweight and sized perfectly for the weapon. A number of companies will also be offering a suppressor for the MP7 in the near future. Gemtech will most likely be one of them.





Thursday, October 2, 2008

History of Tayabas


The municipality of Tayabas was established in 1578 by Franciscan missionaries named Fray Juan de Placencia and Fray Diego de Oropesa. From 1779 to 1910, Tayabas was the cabecera of the province that was also called Tayabas. Later, the province was named Quezon. Tayabas, as the cabecera then could be regarded as the mother of the provincial community. Tayabas was the navel, the womb, the center.

Tayabas Quezon became famous in 1841 when Apolinario "Hermano Pule" De La Cruz, led the Confradia de San Jose, a prayer group that became a mass movement against the Spanish Tyranny. According to historical records, on Oct 23, 1841 a major battle was fought in barrio Isabang were the Confradia won and killed many Spanish leaders including Joaquin Ortega, that time Alcalde Mayor. But on another battle in Alitao river dated Nov 1, 1841 hundred members of Confradia were masacred by the Spanish soldiers and Hermano Pule was captured. Then the Spaniards ruthlessly beheaded Hermano Pule in the town plaza. To avenge the death of Hermano Pule and the Confradia martyrs Sgt. Samaniego, head of the Tayabas Regiment based in Malate Manila furiously attacked Fort Santiago (Intramuros) on January 20, 1843 . They were able to take the said fort but on the second day due to the strong company and superior guns of Spanish Soldiers, Samaniego along with his men were captured and executed on Jan 21, 1843.

LOCATION
150 km. Southeast of Manila, 14° 50’ latutide east southeast of Mt. Banahaw.

POPULATION

  • Population – 64,644 (Estimated as of 1998)
  • 28.85% live in the population
  • 71.15% stay in the rural areas.
  • Gross density is 2,8 persons per hectare.
  • 58% of populations are 15 years and above, thus belonging to the productive froce.
  • Labor force-36,847 (57% of population



Visit there website at http;//tayabas.ph

Wednesday, September 24, 2008

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